Alternative ideas in cosmology

Some remarkable examples of alternative cosmological theories are reviewed here, ranging from a compilation variations on the Standard Model through more distant quasi-steady-state cosmology, plasma or universe models as hypersphere, to most exotic cases including static models. The present-day standard model Lambda-CDM, gives us representation cosmos whose dynamics is dominated by gravity with finite lifetime, large scale homogeneity, expansion and hot initial state, together other dark elements necessary avoid certain inconsistencies observations. There however some characteristics that close those but differing in minor aspects: different considerations CP violation, inflation, number neutrino species, quark-hadron phase transition, baryonic non-baryonic dark-matter, energy, nucleosynthesis scenarios, large-scale structure formation scenarios; major like inhomogeneous universe, Cold Big Bang, varying physical constants law, zero-active mass (also called `R_h=ct'), Milne, cyclical At extreme distance model, models, non-cosmological redshift includes `tired-light' hypotheses, which assume photon loses energy owing an intrinsic property interaction matter light it travels distance, non-standard ideas. Our impression none has acquired same level development Lambda-CDM offering explanations available One should not, however, judge any theory terms observations can successfully explain (ad hoc many cases) given much lower ones.